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[Financial Times | Opinion] The Iran war will damage the petrodollar
"Grand bargain that has underpinned US Treasury demand since 1974 is coming undone"
❝The Iran war is testing the foundations of the petrodollar system that has since 1974 been at the basis of an oil-for-security bargain between the US and Gulf states.
Growing US energy independence had already reduced the country’s importance as a buyer of Gulf oil. Now, the Trump administration’s decision to kick the hornet’s nest in the Middle East has shown that, far from being a security guarantor, the US could be a source of instability and strife. The pact is starting to look unviable.
The US has a lot to lose from its demise. Through the arrangement, which was negotiated by former US secretary of state Henry Kissinger in the wake of the collapse of Bretton Woods in 1971 and the oil shock of 1973, Saudi Arabia sold oil to the world exclusively in US dollars and funnelled the proceeds back into dollar assets. In return, Riyadh received military hardware and security guarantees from Washington.
The agreement was a diplomatic coup. It brought the Arab kingdom and, eventually, other Gulf countries firmly into Washington’s circle of allies. More importantly, it generated an enormous reservoir of demand for US military hardware and dollar assets, ensuring that US borrowing costs stayed lower than would otherwise have been possible and preserving America’s “exorbitant privilege” into the fiat currency era.
“It is no exaggeration to say that the petrodollar system was at the heart of the US’s economic model: funding innovation and growth at an artificially low cost of capital,” says Kallum Pickering, chief economist at Peel Hunt.
The deal worked for several decades. But even before the Iran war broke out, some of its premises had started to weaken.
In the 1970s, the US was by far the world’s biggest buyer of crude oil. But in the early 2010s, the shale revolution dramatically expanded domestic production so the country’s demand for energy imports began to fall. In 2017, China replaced the US as the world’s leading crude importer. And in 2020, the US became a net liquid fuels exporter for the first time.
Under the Trump administration’s policy of “energy dominance”, the US’s withdrawal from international energy markets is set to proceed apace. The US president has expanded access to federal land and drilling permits to encourage the development of oilfields at home. And following President Nicolás Maduro’s ousting earlier this year, US oil majors are set to take over Venezuela’s energy resources. Washington’s intentions are clear: it aims to further reduce US reliance on energy supplies outside of its direct control. For Gulf countries, this means the US’s custom can no longer be taken for granted.
The war has also delivered a blow to the security leg of the deal.
The US defence umbrella has fallen short in protecting Washington’s Gulf allies from Iranian attacks. Dozens of people across the region have been killed and critical civilian infrastructure hit. Iran has also targeted Gulf energy production sites with astounding consequences: its attack on Qatar’s Ras Laffan liquefied natural gas (LNG) hub has taken out nearly one-fifth of the country’s gas production capacity, with the damage expected to last up to five years.
But beyond the failure of US defensive capabilities, the war has revealed a much more serious and fundamental problem with the petrodollar arrangement in the age of President Donald Trump.
The US administration, alongside Israel, was the aggressor in the conflict. It acted without warning its regional allies and in disregard of their interests. Long after the war, they will be left counting the damage. And perhaps worse than the direct costs of the attacks will be the impact on the region’s economic model. Gulf countries had burgeoning plans to diversify away from energy exports to become thriving hubs for international finance, trade and tech. With every strike, these prospects diminish.
“With the Gulf’s core economic assets under continual attack, it’s hard to imagine that the credibility of longstanding US security commitments is not being eroded,” says Navin Girishankar, president of the Economic Security and Technology Department at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
A security arrangement that relies on the US is now starting to look like a liability. Mallika Sachdeva, of Deutsche Bank, says that the “Gulf states could re-evaluate their security relationship with the US. They could diversify and localise their defence arrangements — and redeploy their substantial dollar savings for this purpose.”
The region’s economies may not quite have the heft of Japan or China in the US Treasury market, but they are still significant. At the end of January, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates collectively held around $250bn in US debt securities, according to US Treasury data. This figure excludes other Gulf countries’ holdings and the region’s portfolio holdings of other US assets, which are also at risk of liquidation.
The petrodollar system was founded on the premise that the US would buy Gulf oil in exchange for security. Under Trump, the US imports less and seems uninterested in providing security to allies. Indeed, it appears prepared to undermine global security in pursuit of its narrow interests. The petrodollar is in deep trouble — and with it, the mechanism of dollar recycling that has underpinned lower US borrowing costs for the past 50 years. Yet another pillar of US economic supremacy is coming undone.❞
https://archive.is/7mt2E