@vt
black swans are often defined as improbable, rare, high-impact events. i'd say that any of the four categories of not-knowing can generate black swan events.
for instance, unexpectedly discovering a feasible way to control an atomic detonation is an action that generates an outcome (the possibility of unprecedentedly destructive detonations) which changes causal probabilities (e.g. suddenly changing the perceived strength of relationship between foreign policy strutting and the likelihood of existential hazard) and might result in an unexpected dramatic shift in the public sentiment and valuation of investment in national armament. each of these might be considered rare, improbable, high impact — all of them are black swan-like. but they emerge out of (and are produced by) not-knowing of, respectively, actions, outcomes, causation, and valuation.
(continued!)