@kazani
Why China got rich, and India didn't - David Oks
https://davidoks.blog/p/why-china-got-rich-and-india-didnt
Despite starting from similar positions of poverty in 1950, China and India experienced a significant economic divergence, with China becoming a manufacturing superpower while India lagged behind.
The timing of economic liberalization 1978 for China and 1991 for India does not fully explain the divergence, as China continued to outpace India's growth rates decades after both had opened their markets.
Policy differences and cultural variations are insufficient to explain the growth gap, as both nations faced inefficiencies and possessed distinct cultural histories that were not primary drivers of the divergence.
The core of the Sino-Indian divergence lies in human capital development, which China aggressively pursued between 1950 and 1980, while India largely failed to do so.
The Chinese state underwent a brutal, forced social modernization that dismantled traditional structures like kinship units, arranged marriages, and patriarchal authority, effectively preparing the population for industrial modernity.
Maoist China achieved significant progress in mass education and public health, raising literacy rates and life expectancy substantially before the country even began its transition to capitalism.
India maintained a more stable, democratic, and peaceful post-independence trajectory but failed to implement the radical social reforms necessary to break down traditional caste and family constraints.
Legislative attempts at social reform in India, such as the Hindu Code Bill, were frequently diluted or rendered ineffective by traditionalist opposition and weak enforcement, leaving the old social order largely intact.
India's neglect of mass education and its failure to integrate women into the workforce resulted in a smaller, less productive labor pool compared to China's modernized, mobile, and literate workforce.
The primary takeaway is that long-term economic success is fundamentally rooted in investing in human capital ensuring citizens are healthy, educated, and free from restrictive traditional social barriers.