The 17th century in Europe was dominated by the Baroque style, a dramatic and theatrical evolution of Renaissance architecture. Originating in Italy, Baroque architecture spread across Catholic Europe, symbolizing power, glory, and religious devotion. It featured bold forms, grand staircases, large domes, and lavish ornamentation.

In countries like Italy, France, and Spain, architects such as Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini created masterpieces like St. Peter’s Square in Rome. In France, Baroque merged with classical restraint under Louis XIV, leading to monumental works like the Palace of Versailles.

Meanwhile, Protestant regions like the Netherlands and England adopted a more restrained Baroque Classicism, focusing on symmetry and civic buildings, as seen in the work of Christopher Wren (e.g., St. Paul's Cathedral).

The 17th century’s architecture reflected rising monarchies, religious tensions, and growing nationalism—combining opulence with political and spiritual symbolism.