The Layer 2 ecosystem’s investment potential in 2025 stems from its ability to scale Ethereum’s throughput from 15 TPS to thousands. Arbitrum’s competitive edge lies in its multi-round fraud proofs and Arbitrum Virtual Machine (AVM), achieving sub-second transaction finality and processing up to 40,000 TPS with Nitro. Its Arbitrum Nova chain optimizes for ultra-low-cost transactions, ideal for microtransactions in gaming. Optimism’s Bedrock upgrade supports 2–4 second finality and up to 20,000 TPS, with single-round fraud proofs prioritizing simplicity. Its EVM-equivalent OP Stack enables rapid scaling for chains like Base. Arbitrum’s higher throughput suits performance-driven dApps, while Optimism’s simplicity attracts developers