Biconomy’s hybrid account abstraction (AA) stack is designed to simplify the user experience by allowing smart contract wallets to function like normal wallets without requiring users to interact with gas fees directly. This system allows developers to create a seamless experience for end users while abstracting the complexities of transactions on Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. However, with the introduction of Ethereum’s EIP-4337, which proposes a standard for account abstraction at the protocol level, Biconomy’s hybrid AA stack might face competition. EIP-4337 aims to natively integrate account abstraction into Ethereum, which could reduce the need for third-party solutions like Biconomy. For Biconomy to maintain relevance, it will need to offer additional features that EIP-4337 does not address, such as multi-chain support or enhanced user experience tools. Its ability to innovate beyond the basics of account abstraction will determine if it can coexist with or be displaced by EIP-4337.