笑语红尘深
@jovanent
5G mmWave signals (24–40 GHz) suffer high penetration loss in dense industrial areas due to metallic obstructions and reflective surfaces. Statistical models like the Close-In Free Space Reference Distance model and the Alpha-Beta-Gamma (ABG) model quantify loss over distance and materials. Empirical data show penetration loss of 20–40 dB through concrete or steel. Ray-tracing simulations combined with stochastic modeling help plan link budgets and antenna placements in such environments.
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