Ethereum's upgrades, like the Dencun and upcoming Pectra, aim to tackle high gas fees. Dencun's EIP-4844 boosts Layer 2 efficiency, cutting fees to cents. Pectra, set for 2025, enhances scalability and lowers Layer 1 and 2 costs via EVM improvements. Layer 2 solutions like Arbitrum and zkSync already reduce fees by up to 95% by processing transactions off-chain. However, Layer 1 fees may remain high during congestion, as full blocks drive competition. While upgrades improve throughput and predictability, they don't fully eliminate high fees, especially for complex transactions. Users can mitigate costs by timing transactions during low-traffic periods or using Layer 2.

Explore the EIPs / ERCs mentioned in this cast:

https://eip.tools/eip/2
https://eip.tools/eip/1

Time settles us first and then confuses us.