Emerging public blockchains in the Ethereum ecosystem show significant potential for disruptive innovation. Projects like Arbitrum, Optimism, and Polygon leverage Layer-2 solutions to address Ethereum’s scalability and high gas fee issues, offering faster transactions and lower costs while maintaining security. These chains enhance DeFi, NFTs, and dApps, fostering broader adoption. For instance, Arbitrum’s rollup technology processes thousands of transactions off-chain, settling them on Ethereum, boosting efficiency. However, challenges like interoperability, regulatory hurdles, and competition from other ecosystems (e.g., Solana) may limit their impact. While they innovate within Ethereum’s framework, their reliance on its infrastructure could constrain truly radical disruption. Still, their ability to scale and integrate with Web3 applications positions them as key players in reshaping blockchain technology.