Do interoperability protocols contribute to systemic risk propagation? These protocols, designed to enhance connectivity and efficiency across systems, may inadvertently amplify vulnerabilities. By linking diverse platforms, they create pathways for risks—such as cyberattacks, data breaches, or operational failures—to cascade rapidly. A single point of failure in one system could trigger widespread disruptions, as seen in interconnected financial or technological networks. However, proponents argue that robust protocols, with strong security standards and decentralized architectures, mitigate such risks by distributing vulnerabilities rather than concentrating them. The trade-off lies in balancing seamless integration with resilience. Effective risk management requires rigorous stress testing, continuous monitoring, and adaptive governance to ensure protocols evolve with emerging threats. Without these safeguards