Programmable NFTs, enabled by smart contracts, offer dynamic features like updatable metadata, royalties, and interactive functionalities. However, their smart contract limitations are notable. Complex logic increases gas fees, straining Ethereum-based networks. Scalability issues arise as intricate contracts demand more computational resources, risking network congestion. Security vulnerabilities, such as reentrancy attacks or poorly audited code, threaten NFT integrity. Limited interoperability across platforms restricts programmable NFTs’ adoption, as standards like ERC-721 or ERC-1155 vary. Upgradability is challenging; immutable contracts hinder fixes for bugs or new features without deploying new contracts. Additionally, user accessibility suffers due to technical complexity, deterring non-technical creators. Overcoming these requires optimized coding, layer-2 solutions, robust auditing, and standardized protocols to balance innovation with practicality.