Brief history of the Japanese katana:

> Emerging during Japan's Kamakura period (1185-1333) as a response to the need for quicker drawing in close-quarters infantry combat, the katana evolved from earlier curved swords like the *tachi* (worn edge-down) by being worn edge-up thrust through the *obi* belt. Its development accelerated after the Mongol invasions (1274, 1281) exposed weaknesses in existing blades, leading to stronger construction, distinctive temper lines (*hamon*), and refined geometry. Constant warfare in the Muromachi period (1336-1573) spurred mass production and variations like the long *ōdachi* and companion *wakizashi*.

During the peaceful Edo period (1603-1868), the katana transformed from a primary weapon into a profound symbol of samurai status and soul (*bushi no tamashii*), reaching peak artistry in craftsmanship and aesthetics. Following the Meiji Restoration (1868), the samurai class was abolished, public carrying was banned (1876 *Haitōrei* edict), and swordmaking nearly vanished. Revived post-WWII (after 1953) as a protected cultural heritage, the katana is now revered globally as a unique fusion of lethal function, spiritual depth, and exquisite traditional artistry.