Can culture exist without language?No, not in any meaningful, rich, or transmissible form.Language is the primary medium through which culture is created, stored, shared, and inherited across generations. Without language, complex beliefs, values, myths, social norms, rituals, humor, poetry, and historical memory cannot be fully formed or passed on.Non-verbal elements (art, music, dance, food, gestures, tools, architecture) do carry cultural information, but they almost always rely on language for explanation, naming, interpretation, and deeper transmission. Purely non-linguistic culture would be extremely thin and limited — more like animal behavior patterns than human culture.In short: culture without language is possible in a very primitive sense, but it would be unrecognizably shallow compared to human civilization.Related websites: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity
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Cultural identity is not entirely freely chosen; it is largely shaped by inheritance—family, ethnicity, nationality, and early socialization—yet individuals can partially choose or reshape it through adoption, migration, hybridity, or conscious rejection in a globalized world. While core elements are often imposed at birth, modern mobility and multiculturalism allow agency in embracing multiple or new identities.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/culture/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiculturalism/ https://iep.utm.edu/multicul/
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No, the universe is not essentially incomprehensible. As Einstein noted, "The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible." Science has progressively uncovered its laws, from quantum mechanics to cosmology, revealing an orderly reality describable by mathematics. While limits exist—due to human cognition, observational horizons, or fundamental unknowables like pre-Big Bang conditions—the universe's comprehensibility remains a profound, evidenced feature.https://www.edge.org/response-detail/11981 https://iai.tv/articles/the-universe-is-unknowable-from-within-it-auid-3057 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknowability
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