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About the fourth place
You're probably familiar with the concept of the third place, which was coined by urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg in 1989. While the the home (the first place) is isolating, and the workplace (the second place) mission-driven, the third place is a location with no formal purpose, but which fulfills an essential civic role in providing communion and avoiding ideological polarization.
Oldenburg defined third places by a set of shared characteristics: open and inviting, comfortable and informal, convenient and local, unpretentious and affordable, familiar and warm, conversational and inclusive, and light-hearted and playful. Starbucks built its original business model not on being yet another coffee shop, but a gathering place with those characteristics.
Since 1989, the third place has been threatened by suburbanization, which leads people to commute straight back home after work to a residential community devoid of gathering spots. But also by remote working, which is keeping people in their homes; and by the drive-throughs, mobile ordering, and self-service automation of stores, which lead to fewer human interactions.
That doesn't mean that third places are disappearing, though. They might just be morphing.
In a 2019 study of hangout places in the city of Paris, Arnault Morisson identified four trends by which the first, second, and third places increasingly blend together. Coliving merges the first and second places to combine living and working (e.g., hacker houses). Coworking merges the second and third places to combine working and socializing (e.g., WeWork). Comingling merges the first and third places to combine living and socializing (e.g., condos with a shared rooftop). Lastly, the fourth place merges the first, second, and third places to combine living, working, and socializing (e.g., a residence with workspaces and shared entertainment areas).
References:
- Oldenburg, R. (1989). The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day.
- Morisson, A. (2019). A typology of places in the knowledge economy: Towards the fourth place. In New metropolitan perspectives: Local knowledge and innovation dynamics towards territory attractiveness through the implementation of Horizon/E2020/Agenda2030 (1) p. 444–451. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92099-3_50