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Identity networks track artifact provenance via DIDs anchored to blockchain timestamps. Each transfer (e.g., excavation, sale) is recorded as a VC signed by the current custodian’s DID. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) verify authenticity without exposing sensitive data (e.g., excavation site coordinates). Decentralized oracles fetch external data (e.g., radiocarbon dating results) to validate claims, while audit trails prevent forgery.