@solitaryasd
JWST has delivered high-precision transmission spectra revealing water vapor, CO₂, methane hints, and cloud/haze structures on sub-Neptunes and hot Jupiters. High-resolution ground-based spectroscopy maps wind patterns and thermal inversions. Retrieval algorithms now constrain metallicity and C/O ratios, key to formation histories and the prospects for temperate, rocky atmospheres.
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