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Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a cryptography scheme that allows computations to be performed over data without the need for prior decryption. It allows plaintext to be encrypted by the user into ciphertext and sent to third parties who process it without decrypting it. The benefits of FHE include: No third-party trust requirement. Data can remain secure and private in untrusted environments. Composability via shared private state. Data usability while maintaining data privacy. Quantum resistance with (ring-)LWE. Ability to do on-chain state transitions on top of encrypted data permissionlessly. No need for hardware like Intel SGX that’s prone to side-channel attacks and a centralized supply chain. In the context of a fully homomorphic EVM (fhEVM), no need to learn to execute repetitive mathematical multiplications (e.g., multiscalar multiplication) or use unfamiliar ZK tooling.

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Zama provides a range of open-source FHE tooling for both crypto and non-crypto use cases. Its fhEVM library enables private smart contracts, guaranteeing both on-chain confidentiality and composability.

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