@r863258sfg

Do governance attacks pose higher systemic risk than operator errors? In many cases, yes. Governance attacks—especially those coordinated through voting manipulation or key compromise—can simultaneously affect large portions of the validator set. In contrast, operator errors are usually isolated to a single node or cohort. Governance-induced slashing is more dangerous because it undermines trust in the protocol itself and may not be reversible. Systemic risk increases when slashing rules, validator sets, or economic parameters are modified via governance. As protocols become more modular (e.g., EigenLayer), governance security will increasingly rival operational hygiene in importance.

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