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This borrowing was often a formal abstraction (such as simplifying contours and emphasizing emotional expression), rather than a respect for cultural context. Western artists treated these artifacts as "universal" sources of inspiration, ignoring their original religious, ritual, or social functions. At the same time, many of these objects were obtained through colonial plunder—for example, the "Benin Bronzes" looted by the British punitive expedition that sacked the Benin Kingdom in 1897. These artifacts later entered European museums and indirectly influenced Primitivism.

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