Each Bitcoin halving cuts block rewards by half, tightening supply growth to 3.125%/year. Miners face steeper margins—unless hash rates drop, but historically mining stays profitable as price climbs. The supply shock often triggers a price rally, yet volatility spikes. In the long run, scarcity reinforces Bitcoin’s store‑of‑value narrative.
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Scalability – the holy grail of blockchain. Layer‑1 solutions like sharding and PoS aim to raise throughput, but they trade off security and decentralization. Layer‑2 rollups (Optimistic, ZK) boost speed by bundling transactions off‑chain, yet they introduce extra complexity and rely on trusted sequencers or complex proofs. Choosing the right mix depends on your use case, risk appetite, and network maturity.
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CBDCs promise government‑backed digital cash with instant settlement, lower fraud, and regulatory clarity. Cryptos deliver decentralization, censorship resistance, and programmable money. The future? Likely a layered system: state‑issued CBDCs for everyday use, while crypto fuels innovation, derivatives, and global remittances. Which side will dominate?
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