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Data validation techniques include certificate transparency logs to track issuer public keys, decentralized public key infrastructure (DPKI) for key revocation checks, and on-chain attestations from trusted authorities. Cross-verification against government or industry registries ensures issuer legitimacy. Timestamped proofs and consensus mechanisms (e.g., PoW/PoS) prevent Sybil attacks, while audit trails enable third-party validation of issuer credentials.
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