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Forking in blockchain technology represents a critical moment when a blockchain splits into two separate chains. This can happen either by accident or as a planned upgrade. Accidental chain splits occur when miners or nodes disagree on the validity of a transaction, causing a divergence in the blockchain. On the other hand, planned upgrades involve intentional changes to the protocol, like adding new features or improving security, which require a hard fork to implement. Both scenarios highlight the importance of consensus mechanisms within the blockchain ecosystem and the challenges they face in maintaining a single, coherent ledger.

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