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Data checksum techniques for integrity verification include cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA-256, MD5) to generate unique fingerprints of datasets. Checksums are compared pre- and post-transmission to detect tampering. For distributed systems, Merkle trees validate large datasets by hashing individual blocks and their hierarchical relationships. Error-detecting codes like CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) are also used for real-time data validation.

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