How are non-flowering plants pollinated? Gymnosperms are typically wind pollinated. Image below is of pollen release in red pine, Pinus resinosa
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Which came first, mammals or flowers? Evidence in the fossil record indicates mammals were first, but this is misleading. Flowers are less likely to be preserved due to their delicate structure, whereas a mammal has bones that are more easily preserved. All life is said to have begun in the oceans and oceans do contain a flowering plant that may have existed long before water creatures crawled out of the water, becoming amphibians and living on land. The only flowering plant that grows completely underwater in the ocean is seagrass; it has roots, stems, leaves, and produces flowers and seeds, making it a true flowering plant that lives in the ocean.
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What is the evolutionary reason that no animal species normally have three legs? It’s down to hydrodynamics. Limbs evolved from fins. The first fishes had only midline fins, dorsal & ventral, useful if swimming by side to side undulation, but not much use for maneouvering vertically. As agility makes the difference between catching prey or becoming prey, they later evolved pectoral & later still pelvic fins, two pairs fore and aft being optimum for controlling pitch without causing too much drag (a feature which we copy when designing submarines, with bow planes as well as horizontal rudders). To add a third pair would contribute extra drag but no additional agility, as the middle pair would be constantly neutral. Conversely, to omit one limb of a pair would cause assymetrical drag and lose agility. https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-8a88da46f4b252e1902f8ae0fd54d320
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