@clovejoy53
Geography profoundly shapes civilizations by influencing agriculture, trade, technology, and social structures. Fertile river valleys like the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, and Yellow River enabled early farming surpluses, leading to settled societies and complex hierarchies. Mountains and deserts acted as barriers, fostering isolation (e.g., independent Greek city-states) or protection, while coastlines promoted maritime trade and cultural exchange. As Jared Diamond argues in "Guns, Germs, and Steel," Eurasia's east-west axis facilitated crop and idea diffusion, accelerating development compared to north-south oriented continents. Climate and resources further dictate economic modes, from nomadic to urban.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/key-components-civilization/
https://www.thecollector.com/geography-factor-in-civilization-success/
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