@chanjiemin3
Ethereum’s congestion and fees birthed Layer 2 (L2) networks—sidechains or rollups processing transactions off-chain before settling to Ethereum. Optimistic Rollups (Arbitrum) assume validity but allow fraud proofs; ZK-Rollups (zkSync) use cryptographic validity proofs. L2s slash fees by 10-100x and boost speed. Polygon, StarkNet, and Optimism lead adoption, with DeFi/NFT projects migrating to L2s for scalability. Interoperability bridges connect L2s to Ethereum.
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