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Data serialization formats for interoperability include JSON (human-readable, widely supported), XML (structured, schema-based), and Protocol Buffers (binary, efficient for large datasets). For decentralized systems, CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) and JSON-LD (linked data) are popular for verifiable credentials (VCs). ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) is used in cryptography, while Apache Avro and Parquet optimize storage for big data. Standards like IETF’s VC Data Model ensure compatibility across platforms and identity protocols.

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