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Data sharding techniques for identity systems include horizontal partitioning (splitting databases by attribute ranges, e.g., "DIDs starting with A-M"), vertical sharding (isolating credential metadata from content), and geo-sharding (distributing data by region). Blockchain networks use sharding to split validation tasks across nodes (e.g., Ethereum 2.0). Consensus protocols ensure cross-shard consistency, while dynamic rebalancing adjusts shard sizes based on load, optimizing throughput for high-volume credential issuance.

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